HEARINGS before the
SUBCOMMITTEE ON ASIAN AND PACIFIC AFFAIRS
of the
COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Ninety-Sixth Congress
Second Session
June 27, 1980
Printed for the use of the Committee on Foreign Affairs
U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington: 1980
67-214-O
This is what the families begged for of President Nixon, President Ford, and of President Carter, and I know it is an absolute symphony here for them to hear these words stated by someone of General Tighe's stature. I just wanted to underscore that paragraph.
MYSTERY WITNESS
Mr Wolf: Thank you. We have been informed that the witness is sufficiently cloaked so his identity cannot be revealed and, therefore, pictures are permitted by the press. Lt. Col. Andre Sauvageot will act as interpreter for our witness. Pursuant to rule XII, clause 2, the witness will be sworn in. Will you please stand and let the oath be administered.
Do you solemnly swear the testimony you will give before this subcommittee in the matter under consideration will be the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth, so help you God?
Colonel Sauvageot [speaking for the witness]: I affirm that this is all true.
Mr Wolf: Thank you very much. Please be seated. Colonel, we are going to try to keep the answers as short as possible, so that we can get full information from the witness. Sir, what was your occupation in Vietnam, and how long did you practice it, and where have you worked?
Colonel Sauvageot: I was head of a mortuary.
Mr Wolf: Where did you work?
Colonel Sauvageot: I worked right in hanoi.
Mr Wolf: How long did you work at this job?
Colonel Sauvageot: I worked from 1951 to 1954, before the Communists liberated Hanoi.
Mr Wolf: Can you describe the work that you did?
Colonel Sauvageot: When a person would die in the Hanoi area, they would hire us, or me, to care for the remains.
Mr Wolf: Did you work for the same organization all the time?
Colonel Sauvageot: Up until 1954 I worked for a private - in private business -- but after 1954, and Communists took over, I of course worked for the state.
Mr Wolf: How long did you work for the state?
Colonel Sauvageot: From 1958 until 1979 when I was kicked out of Vietnam.
Mr Wolf: Did you work with French officers on the French remains?
Colonel Sauvageot: I did from 1958 til 1959, and, sir, I forgot to ask specifically if he worked with French officers. I said: Did you work on French remains? And he said yes. Do you want me to restate?
Mr Wolf: Yes, please.
Colonel Sauvageot: Yes, three French officers.
Mr Wolf: Do you remember their names?
Colonel Sauvageot: The French Government knows me very well in that business, and they know my name very well.
PROCESSING U.S. REMAINS
Mr Wolf: I think the Vietnamese know you pretty well, too. When did you process American remains in Hanoi?
Colonel Sauvageot: I need a clarification. From 1969 till 1975, sir, in the Graves Office of Hanoi. And now that is understood, the Military Law Division of the Department of Defense. This is not something that the diplomatic corps in Hanoi is concerned with; it's under the Military Law Division.
Mr Wolf: Were any American remains reprocessed?
Colonel Sauvageot: Yes, there were times when I had to reprocess some of them, because after a certain period of time some of them would begin to deteriorate.
Mr Wolf: How does the gentleman know that he processed American remains?
Colonel Sauvageot: Because I am a specialist in this kind of work and have worked for Hanoi since 1958 in these affairs and, therefore, they entrusted me with this mission.
Mr Wolf: But how could he identify them as Americans as distinct from other caucasians or other Europeans?
Colonel Sauvageot: Because Military Law Division of the Ministry of Defense let me know what I was working with, and they said that "After all, these remains are a vestige of the war and we rely on you to process them."
Mr Wolf: Were there any black remains, do you know, among those?
Colonel Sauvageot: In among the 400 that I have referenced being held in Hanoi, I know of no blacks, but there was a black in Saigon that we referred to previously.
Mr Wolf: You have identified (deleted)
TRIP TO SAIGON BY SENATOR M'GOVERN
Colonel Sauvageot: Senator McGovern came to Saigon and picked up two of the three remains. He did not pick up the black, did not request for the remains of the black.
Mr Wolf: Did he know? I am sure he didn't know there were other remains there
Colonel Sauvageot: He said that he remembers very well the black. He doesn't know about that but he said that he just knows what he saw, which is that they actually transferred only two remains to Senator McGovern
Mr Wolf: I would like to state for the record that we have a photograph, Admiral Tuttle has a photograph, of this individual---- which will be kept under classification -- individual in an exchange of the remains; am I correct in that Admiral?
Admiral Tuttle: That is correct, sir.
Colonel Sauvageot: Am I to say what you said?
Mr Wolf: Yes.
Colonel Sauvageot: I don't fully understand it. You mean a photograph of what?
STORING THE 400 REMAINS
Mr Wolf: Of this gentleman when remains were turned over as part of the Vietnamese party to identify him. You can tell him that will be kept classified. How does he know that more than 400 caskets were stored in the building? Did he physically see these? Did he have anything to do with them?
Colonel Sauvageot: It's very clear that I know that I processed some 400, some 452 of these remains, that 26 were turned over to the United States; that leaves about 400 plus. I have seen them.
Mr Wolf: Do you think you know that precise room in which these remains were stored?
Colonel Sauvageot: Yes, 100 percent.
Mr Wolf: This building which we have identified, is this the building that he was talking about?
Colonel Sauvageot: Yes; I have identified it many times previously to the Department of Defense.
Mr Wolf: You have identified this photograph before?
Colonel Sauvageot: Yes. That house and that picture and - wait - and also some Americans that were prisoners there and have returned to the United States also know very well that building.
Mr Wolf: But they do not know the remains were stored there; am I correct?
Colonel Sauvageot: Yes; just that they know the building but not the remains.
Mr Wolf: How would they know the building and not know that there were remains stored there?
Colonel Sauvageot: I have to ask for a chance to clarify the question. They entered that house but it was after that, sometime after that, that they started to harbor remains. In other words, the prisoners probably went in there, had on occasion to go in there and be familiar with it, before Hanoi started bringing remains in there. That is the reason they are familiar with the building but would not associate it with the remains.
GUARDING THE BUILDING
Mr Wolf: How did the Vietnamese guard the fact that these remains were in the building; in other words, if there were remains in the building and other people came into the building, how did they hide the fact that these remains were being stored there? Or did they hide it?
Colonel Sauvageot: They had it well guarded. It is a Military area under the Military Law Division, and it is guarded and they don't let people just go in and out.
Mr Wolf: Do you know if U.S. remains are located in any other site in Hanoi or elsewhere in the country?
Colonel Sauvageot: They constituted all of them, stored all of them at the citadel.
"TOOL of PEKING"
Mr Wolf: Now, the Government of Vietnam, in their white paper they prepared, said that you are a tool of Peking and said this is a hoax. How do you respond to that?
Colonel Sauvageot: I don't have any real reaction to that. Obviously they wanted to say that; they wanted to accuse me of that; they, after all, kicked me out of Vietnam.
Mr Wolf: Have you had any connection, before or since you have left Vietnam, with the Chinese?
Colonel Sauvageot: You said the Chinese Government, sir?
Mr Wolf: Yes.
Colonel Sauvageot: I have no relationship with the Government of Peking or the PRC.
Mr Wolf: When you were --
Colonel Sauvageot: I went straight to Hong Kong.
KICKED OUT OF VIETNAM
Mr Wolf: When you were, as you said, kicked out, number one, why were you kicked out, and did you receive any information or threats or any instructions from the Government of Vietnam, when you left there?
Colonel Sauvageot: They kicked me out because I am ethnic Chinese. Now I will get to the other question. All they did was tell me where I had to go to get -- to get ready to get out, and they have threatened me not to divulge information to the United states.
Mr Wolf: Why, if you were so valuable and were entrusted with this highly sensitive job, why would they let you move out of the country?
Colonel Sauvageot: Well, they kicked me out because I am ethnic Chinese and also because they accused me of being a lackey of Peking.
Mr Wolf: So they did make this charge, though, before you were let out. Did they have any evidence of this other than your ethnic background?
Colonel Sauvageot: Yes; they did threaten me before I left Vietnam. or they did accuse me, they did accuse me of being a lackey of Peking before I left Vietnam, and that was based on my being ethnic Chinese, and they concentrated a number of ethnic Chinese together for deportation.
Mr Wolf: Were you born in Vietnam?
Colonel Sauvageot: Yes. In Hanoi.
Mr Wolf: I have no further questions. Mr Guyer?
REASONS FOR KEEPING REMAINS
Mr Guyer: Thank you. I am going to go very rapidly because we have panel members who have some questions. There is one pervasive question in my mind and many others. Does he know what their reasons were for keeping these remains? Were they to be sold to us, held as ransom, or for bargaining purposes, diplomatic reasons? Does he happen to know why they were holding these remains?
Colonel Sauvageot: I thinks it's very much like they did in the past with the French, where they used these with the French.
Mr Guyer: Does he have knowledge that they were selling French remains one at a time, even up until now?
Colonel Sauvageot: I know about that. They did a lot of that.
RESTORING REMAINS
Mr Guyer: About two more questions. He personally restored these remains? In other words, did he put dog tags and pictures into the smaller boxes, as he made in the transfer?
Colonel Sauvageot: I broke your question down in two parts. You will see the reason in a minute. I asked first if he personally processed the remains. He said yes. Now I am going to ask the part about the ID's.
I know that they did take photographs and establish records that were lined with the remains that I processed. However, that was the authority and the privilege of the Military Law Division that handled this. I did not see the photographs and the ID cards and things like that.
Mr Guyer: Our impression is they knew exactly what they were doing so they knew which one was which, because they made their own records for future reference.
Colonel Sauvageot: Yes, because they followed this, their specialists followed this procedure from the time that an airplane was shot down; they arrived on site, and began to follow the whole procedure from that time.
Mr Guyer: So this whole charade we have been listening to for years has been wrong from the beginning. They knew every time there was a crash site, or a death site, or a pickup, they knew exactly how long they were talking about all these things they have told us, according to his testimony, is absolutely false; they knew every one.
Colonel Sauvageot: Yes, that is correct.
Mr Guyer: Two fast questions. Did he ever have any formal training as a mortician, since he is known as a mortician? Did he ever work from a funeral home or have the art of embalming or does he know anything about that?
Colonel Sauvageot: Yes, I did study that.
Mr Guyer: Two questions. Is his family out of the country safely, here now?
Colonel Sauvageot: My children are out safely and in the United States. I do not know about my mother and father and three sisters yet.
Mr Guyer: One last question. Does he believe, knowing their habits and customs and operations, that since we now have challenged them openly, that maybe they have moved these remains from that site since then?
Colonel Sauvageot: I think they certainly could, if we review what happened, they refused a request by the delegation to go to the site. Now, what I think they may do is, say, reconsider and say surely you can go there, but when you get there, there will not be anything to see, and it reminds him of some of the charades they played with the French.
Mr Guyer: Thank you very much.
Mr Wolf: Would you yield?
Mr Guyer: Yes.
REQUEST TO VISIT SITE
Mr Wolf: Just to get this on the record, the subcommittee requested permission to visit the site without any prior noticeÙÉ to the Vietnamese, so they were unaware that we wanted to make this visit. This information was closely held before our visit. we were told by that time that we could not visit the site because it was too far away. Subsequent to that, before we left for the airport, in Hanoi, we requested permission to go by the site and stop there and visit the site. This again was denied, saying it was nowhere near our route to the airport and would take too much time and, therefore, we could not visit them.
During the trip to the airport, Congressman Myers, who was a member of the delegation, took a picture of the site on the ground. So this was certainly duplicity and would confirm some of the information that this gentleman has provided for us, that they could possibly permit us to come in today and the remains would have been removed.
Colonel Sauvageot: Yes.
Mr. Guyer: I am going to pass the microphone over to Benjamin Gilman of New York, and we hope to have time for each one of the committee to ask some questions.
Mr. Gilman: Thank you. First of all I would like to thank the witness for his candid responses, for his cooperation, for appearing before us today, and for making the effort to come to our committee with this information. Has the witness ever has any military training or military service in the Vietnamese Army?
Colonel Sauvageot: You meant the Vietnamese Communist Army?
Mr. Gilman: In any Vietnamese military unit.
Colonel Sauvageot: No, I never have, because, first of all, I am ethnic Chinese and, second of all, I was of a class that had property; they looked at it I had some property, had some money.
Mr. Gilman: His service for the Vietnamese Government was only as a civilian and not in any military capacity; is that correct?
Colonel Sauvageot: Yes, as a civilian, but helping the military.
Mr. Gilman: That work first started back in 1958; is that correct?
Colonel Sauvageot: Yes.
Mr. Gilman: I yield.
Colonel Sauvageot: That was in the liaison mission to the French.
Mr. Gilman: I yield to my chairman.
Mr. Guyer: Just for the purpose of announcement, because some of our chief witnesses cannot remain - we are going to go right through the lunch hour, and at least until 1 o'clock, hoping we are not interrupted. I am going to ask the panel to try to stay on the 5-minute rule so that each member can have at least 5 minutes. We are going to stay right here because we want to hear from the rest of our witnesses as well.
FILES ON REMAINS
Mr. Gilman: As part of your duties in collecting the remains, did you also have an opportunity to examine the files on these remains?
Colonel Sauvageot: Never has permission. That is secret. That was the Military Law Division that had access to these files.
Mr. Gilman: When the remains were delivered to him at the plantation or citadel, whatever we call this building, were there also personal belongings or identification markers, such as dog tags or bracelets, things of that nature, with the remains?
Colonel Sauvageot: Every remains had its file.
Mr. Gilman: And was the file with the remains when he received it?
Colonel Sauvageot: No.
Mr. Gilman: Did he ever see any?
Colonel Sauvageot: They only just gave a numerical sequence, but the Military Law Division had the ----
Mr Gilman: Files?
Colonel Sauvageot: Files.
Mr Gilman: Did he ever see any identification material, bracelets, dog tags, any type of identification markers along with the remains?
Colonel Sauvageot: No, sir; but I heard them talking about them.
Mr Gilman: What were these conversations?
Colonel Sauvageot: They would say well, they had the serial numbers, they had maybe the flight jacket, or different personal effects.
Mr Gilman: They were stored by the military division; is that correct?
Colonel Sauvageot: Yes; they stored everything.
Mr Gilman: And in each box of remains they had only a serial number, is that correct, a number to identify the box?
Colonel Sauvageot: Not only the serial number, just the numerical sequence number.
Mr Gilman: For filing purposes?
Colonel Sauvageot: Yes, sir.
Mr Gilman: Did he know what the origins of the remains were when they were delivered to the citadel or plantation?
Colonel Sauvageot: You mean from which site it came, sir?
Mr Gilman: Yes.
Colonel Sauvageot: Only that they came from North Vietnam.
Mr Gilman: Were any remains delivered from Laos?
Colonel Sauvageot: No, sir.
Mr Gilman: Were any remains delivered from Cambodia?
WORK IN CAMBODIA
Colonel Sauvageot: They did not bring the remains from Cambodia into the citadel. In 1974 I thought I was going to have an opportunity to go to Cambodia to work, but that did not materialize because of the anti-Chinese campaign that started up in 1975.
Mr Gilman: Did they tell him that there were remains in Cambodia that he had to look at?
Colonel Sauvageot: Yes, they did; they said 16 remains.
Mr Gilman: Sixteen American remains?
Colonel Sauvageot: Yes, Americans.
Mr Gilman: Was he told by the Vietnamese military that all of the remains at this warehouse were American remains?
Colonel Sauvageot: Yes, the Military Law Division said that, because it was a matter of them for priority for them to have these processed because they looked at these as being necessary for the implementation of the Paris Peace Agreement because they wanted to force the American Government into war reparations.
Mr Gilman: I am going to yield to the gentleman from California, with your permission when I return. We are going to go vote and come right back.
Mr Lagomarsino: Thank you. I just have a couple of questions. Most of the questions ia had in mind have been asked and answered. Is the witness aware of any other bodies, remains, in Cambodia and/or Laos?
Colonel Sauvageot: You mean now, sir, currently?
Mr Lagomarsino: When he was last in Vietnam, as of that date.
Colonel Sauvageot: No, I do not, sir.
FRENCH CHARADES
Mr Lagomarsino: A moment ago, in a response to one of the chairman's questions, you said that this was like the French Charades. Would you describe what you meant by that?
Colonel Sauvageot: Well, as for example, their refusal to hand over former French President DeGualle's grandson, and one of the excuses, one of the stories they contrived was that, after all, he is buried in a military area and any French officers that would go into there would be spies for the Americans. The excuse they used was that after they went through the procedure, they knew where these were but they said that this was a flooded area that had been washed out by the heavy rains, and that, therefore, they would not have access to it or a way of getting it, again is another contrived reason.
Mr Lagomarsino: Thank you. The committee will now stand in recess for 15 minutes. We have a vote on the Priority Energy Act of 1980.
[Recess]
VIETNAM MILITARY
Mr Wolf: Because of the pressures of floor business, I am going to continue the questioning of the witness until the other members return, and hope to conclude our panel here by 1o'clock. Sir, during your testimony, you indicated that you had contact with some of the Vietnamese military; is that correct?
Colonel Sauvageot: I did not catch the last word, sir.
Mr Wolf: You had contact with some of the Vietnamese military; is that correct?
Colonel Sauvageot: Yes.
Mr Wolf: Could you give us the identification of any of the ------
Colonel Sauvageot: And to include Ha Lau, now head of the Vietnamese delegation in the United nations in New York. He replaced Dinh Ba Thi.
Mr Wolf: Do you have any information on the designations of those particular units? Could you give us the numbers of those particular units that you had contact with? Unit designations, in other words.
Colonel Sauvageot: I can just tell you the unit designation of the Military Law Unit of the four parties that worked for the four party mission was the 887th, and it was under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Trieu.
Mr Wolf: Does he have any knowledge of the 776th?
Colonel Sauvageot: No.
PROCESS OF IDENTIFICATION
Mr Wolf: One question that remains is, how could he identify from his professional experience other than hearsay, these were bodies or these were remains of Americans? Although we have gotten this information from previous meetings, I should like for the record to ask how he, professionally, as a mortician can identify the fact that these were Americans and not other Europeans.
Colonel Sauvageot: Actually I can deduce that from the nature of my mission from 1969, when I was put, assigned as part of a delegation to this four-party joint military commission with the purpose of working on these Americans.
Mr Wolf: Well, now, I talk now on a professional basis. Is he able to identify remains as to their ethnic origin, in other words, other than the idea that this was just a deduction? Can you positively identify from your experience as a mortician, the fact that these were American remains?
Colonel Sauvageot: I just wanted to be sure of this answer; I apologize for asking several times. I said can I have permission, will it be reflecting your idea if I say to the chairman that there is no scientific methodology to tell for sure whether it is the remains, the set of remains is an American or European, or some other ethnic group, a black or a white, and put it that way, he said yes, I could respond that way. The reason I did this is that he reiterated the inductive process by which he could conclude that they are Americans but----
Mr Wolf: Are there physical characteristics or anything like that that would in some fashion lend credibility to his deduction?
Colonel Sauvageot: In some cases. For example, the Oriental, the remains of an Oriental can be distinguished from the remains of non-Orientals by the bridge of the nose, which is differently configured lower than the nose of a non-Oriental.
Mr Wolf: Are there any other characteristics? What we are trying to do here, as I would ask you to communicate, please, is to find some method of positive identification rather than the idea of conjecture, because I think this is so serious a matter that we have to be sure, and not permit conjecture to take over.
Colonel Sauvageot: He said he understands and empathizes with the reasons that you are asking these questions; that is all right.
Mr Wolf: Are there any other characteristics? I know the Joint Resolution Center uses the length of the bones of the individuals, things of that sort, physical characteristics.
Colonel Sauvageot: For instance, the hip bones, the shoulder bones, and femur also can be clues. Some ethnic groups have larger bone structures.
Mr Wolf: Well, we are going to permit him to do a little more thinking about this, if you will, because otherwise I am not going to make my vote. My other colleagues are over there and we would like a more complete answer, if we can, when I return. The committee stands in recess.
[Recess]
Mr Guyer: Ladies and Gentlemen, we are going to reconvene. I am sorry for these interruptions, but anybody who knows how Congress is run understands that we are on call; every time those buttons and bells ring we have to run, and so we do want to make the best of our time and we were in the midst of interrogation by Congressman Gilman. We would like for him to continue.
AMERICAN PRISONERS
Mr Gilman: Did the witness at any time observe any live American prisoners?
Colonel Sauvageot: I saw three Americans who came into the military law jurisdictional area.
Mr Gilman: What date was that, please?
Colonel Sauvageot: The Military Law Division took very special care of these people.
Mr Gilman: What date was it that he observed these three American prisoners in the military compound?
Colonel Sauvageot: Once in 1969 and many times during1970. One blond and two with dark hair.
Mr Gilman: Subsequent to 1970, did he observe any American prisoners?
Colonel Sauvageot: Yes, up until 1974, sir.
Mr Gilman: Did he know the identity of those prisoners?
Colonel Sauvageot: Not clearly know their identity. I do not know their identity clearly but they were coming in and out. Up on the second floor they had a place for soft drinks and ping-pong and they were moving around and I do not know very clearly.
Mr Gilman: That was in Hanoi?
Colonel Sauvageot: At No. 3 Thang Street.
Mr Gilman: Is that the plantation or citadel that we are referring to?
Colonel Sauvageot: It is near the place that we have been talking about, but it is a different place. When we talk about the citadel, in English, from that report, in Vietnamese we are calling it No. 17 Ly Nam De Street. Before we came here, I asked what the Vietnamese called this place when it was still a prisoner of war camp and he said they just simply call it by the street and number. I will let you know that.
Mr Gilman: And this is No. 17 Ly Nam De Street?
Colonel Sauvageot: Where the 400 plus bodies were located, where you have been calling the citadel, that is 17 Ly Nam De Street.
Mr Gilman: Is 17 Ly Nam De Street on the route between the Foreign Office and the guest house where American congressional delegations are normally housed and on the road to the airport?
Colonel Sauvageot: Yes, sir; it is very near.
Mr Gilman: is it near the bridge?
Colonel Sauvageot: Yes, sir.
Mr Gilman: The date you observed the American prisoners---
Colonel Sauvageot: About 200 meters' distance, 200 meters' distance from the road to the airport and the citadel---
Mr Gilman: It can be observed from the roadway; is that correct?
Colonel Sauvageot: The Ly Nam De Street is very small and it comes close and you can observe it.
Mr Gilman: From the roadway on the way to the airport.
Colonel Sauvageot: From the roadway to the airport.
Mr Gilman: The witness said before that he had been connected with some military units in a civilian capacity; is that correct? Was he ever connected with the 776th Division?
Colonel Sauvageot: No, sir.
Mr Gilman: What divisions was he connected with?
Colonel Sauvageot: Just the military---I remember the 887th Military Law Unit and that gets its number from the area in which they had political jurisdiction.
Mr Gilman: Had ever been associated with any military division that had to do with prisoners?
Colonel Sauvageot: No, sir.
Mr Gilman: No further questions. I thank you Mr Chairman.
Mr Guyer: We again apologize for time. We have some gentlemen who have been waiting substantially.
DEFECTOR REFUGEES
Mr Dornan: I agree that we should get to the panel, as fascinating as this is. I have read the gentleman's testimony and I for one agree with the DIA analysis that he has told substantially the truth as he knows it. Just one question. Has the gentleman ever met the so-called defector refugees who are presently living in Europe - I do not have full names, Le Dinh and a Colonel Trieu? Le Dinh?
Colonel Sauvageot: D-i-n-h, sir?
Mr. Dornan: Yes. And Colonel Trieu, T-r-i-e-u.
Colonel Sauvageot: You want to know if he has met either or both of those people?
Mr. Dornan: Yes.
Colonel Sauvageot: And they are in Europe?
Mr. Dornan. They are what are called the defector refugees.
Colonel Sauvageot: Defecting from the Communists?
Mr. Dornan: Yes.
Colonel Sauvageot: He has known of Le Dinh. He is in France now. He says that he knows of some American prisoners, I am sorry, American POW camps, but it is false; he does not really know. He is in error, completely in error. There is not any truth in it. I know of a Mr. Tuat, Dr. T-u-a-t, but not anyone, T-r-i-e-u. He is a doctor in his unit. He is at Hong Kong now, Mr. Tuat is. He was just general health; we call it general practitioner in the unit that I was in.
Mr. Guyer: Ww are going to have to terminate at this point and if you want to have a quiet discussion afterwards, it is all right, but we do have some very important people; they missed their lunch and they have a panel engagement waiting and we will come back again if we need to, because this is not the end by any means. We want to thank you sincerely, and particularly you for the very important interpretation, withoutÙÉ which we would have been very much at a loss, and I am going to ask if the panel would again assume their seats. We thank you very much.
Colonel Sauvageot: Thank you very much.
Mr. Guyer: I am going to ask Mr. Armacost to give us an update on the situation that we have all been hearing about today.